Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language, published in 1755, stands as a towering achievement in the history of lexicography. More than just a word list, it was a monumental effort that shaped the standardization and understanding of the English language for generations. This article explores the fascinating history behind Johnson's dictionary, its impact on the evolution of English, and why it remains a significant cultural artifact even today.
The State of English Before Johnson: A Language in Flux
Prior to the mid-18th century, the English language was characterized by its lack of regulation and consistency. Spelling varied wildly, grammar rules were loosely defined, and new words were constantly entering the lexicon with little oversight. Unlike French or Italian, which had academies dedicated to preserving and codifying their respective languages, English lacked a central authority. This linguistic free-for-all, while fostering creativity, also created confusion and hindered clear communication. Different regions used different dialects, and even within the same region, variations in pronunciation and word usage were common. The desire for a standardized and authoritative dictionary grew from a need to bring order to this linguistic chaos.
The Genesis of a Lexicographical Masterpiece: Johnson's Ambitious Project
The idea for a comprehensive English dictionary was not new, but previous attempts had been limited in scope and depth. In 1746, a group of London booksellers commissioned Samuel Johnson, a renowned writer and intellectual, to undertake the ambitious task of creating a definitive dictionary of the English language. Johnson, though initially hesitant, accepted the challenge, recognizing the importance of such a project for the future of English. He was contracted to complete the work in three years, a timeframe that proved wildly optimistic. Johnson worked with a team of six amanuenses, laboriously compiling definitions, tracing etymologies, and selecting illustrative quotations from a vast range of literary sources. The process was arduous and demanding, but Johnson persevered, driven by his commitment to creating a lasting contribution to English literature and scholarship.
Johnson's Methodology: Defining and Illustrating the Language
Unlike modern dictionaries that primarily focus on describing how words are currently used, Johnson's dictionary aimed to both record and regulate the English language. He meticulously defined words, drawing upon his extensive knowledge of literature, philosophy, and science. A key innovation was his use of illustrative quotations from prominent authors, such as Shakespeare, Milton, and Dryden, to demonstrate the various meanings and usages of each word. These quotations not only provided context but also added literary weight to his definitions. Johnson's definitions were often insightful and witty, reflecting his personal opinions and observations about the world. While some definitions might seem idiosyncratic by today's standards, they offer a fascinating glimpse into the mind of a brilliant 18th-century intellectual.
The Impact of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary: Standardization and Authority
When A Dictionary of the English Language was finally published in 1755, it was an immediate success. The dictionary established Johnson as the preeminent authority on the English language, earning him the moniker
